A rash is a change of the skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. A rash may be localized in one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful. The causes, and therefore treatments for rashes, vary widely.
It can be caused by anxiety,allergies. bacterial ,viral or fungal infection, reactiong to vaccination and may be becuase of sun exposure of skin disease some uncommon cause are psoriasis, lead poisoning, pregnancy.
Thursday, March 20, 2008
DANDRUFF
Dandruff is due to the excessive shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp. As it is normal for skin cells to die and flake off, a small amount of flaking is normal and in fact quite common. Some people, however, either chronically or as a result of certain triggers, experience an unusually large amount of flaking, which can also be accompanied by redness and irritation. Most cases of dandruff can be easily treated with specialized shampoos.
TREATMENT:-There have been many strategies for the control of dandruff. Simply increasing shampooing will remove flakes. However, elimination of the fungus results in dramatic improvement. Regular shampooing with an anti-fungal product can reduce recurrenceAnti-fungal/anti-dandruff shampoos containing ketoconazole have been shown to be more effective than zinc pyrithione. Ketoconazole is the most effective antifungal agent concluded by multiple studies
TREATMENT:-There have been many strategies for the control of dandruff. Simply increasing shampooing will remove flakes. However, elimination of the fungus results in dramatic improvement. Regular shampooing with an anti-fungal product can reduce recurrenceAnti-fungal/anti-dandruff shampoos containing ketoconazole have been shown to be more effective than zinc pyrithione. Ketoconazole is the most effective antifungal agent concluded by multiple studies
Tuesday, March 18, 2008
INVOLUNTRY SOMKING
Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of smoke from tobacco products even without your own will.It occurs when tobacco smoke permeates any environment, causing its inhalation by all people within that environment. Such smoke is called secondhand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).Scientific evidence shows that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes death, disease and disability
HOW DOES DURATION OF PASSIVE SMOKING EFFECTS YOUR HEALTH?
Research has generated scientific evidence that secondhand smoke causes the same problems as direct smoking, including heart disease, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and lung ailments such as COPD, bronchitis and astma,premature pregnancy.
There is some evidence that reducing exposure to tobacco smoke cuts the risk of heart attack.Adults or children with asthma can experience attacks brought on by passive smoking, and there has been one case study report of a death due to an asthma attack associated with passive smoking.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization concluded in 2002 that:
There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. ... Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans
AND THE BEST WAY TO STAY SAFE FROM PASSIVE SMOKING IS TO STAY AWAY FROM SMOKERS.
HOW DOES DURATION OF PASSIVE SMOKING EFFECTS YOUR HEALTH?
Research has generated scientific evidence that secondhand smoke causes the same problems as direct smoking, including heart disease, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and lung ailments such as COPD, bronchitis and astma,premature pregnancy.
There is some evidence that reducing exposure to tobacco smoke cuts the risk of heart attack.Adults or children with asthma can experience attacks brought on by passive smoking, and there has been one case study report of a death due to an asthma attack associated with passive smoking.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization concluded in 2002 that:
There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. ... Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans
AND THE BEST WAY TO STAY SAFE FROM PASSIVE SMOKING IS TO STAY AWAY FROM SMOKERS.
Monday, March 17, 2008
SWEET PROBLEM
Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by disordered metabolism and inappropriately high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) resulting from either low levels of the hormone insulin or from abnormal resistance to insulin's effects coupled with inadequate levels of insulin secretion to compensate. The characteristic symptoms are excessive urine production (polyuria), excessive thirst and increased fluid intake (polydipsia), polyphagia (excessive hunger) and blurred vision These symptoms are likely to be absent if the blood sugar is only mildly elevated
There are mainly two types of diabities:-
Diabetes Mellitus:-Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin. The main cause of this beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attackThere is no known preventative measure that can be taken against type 1 diabetes.Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a majority of cases of diabetes affecting children.
Diabetes Mellitus:-Type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity, combined with reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin almost certainly involves the insulin receptor in cell membranes. In the early stage the predominant abnormality is reduced insulin sensitivity, characterized by elevated levels of insulin in the blood. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures and medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production by the liver. As the disease progresses the impairment of insulin secretion worsens, and therapeutic replacement of insulin often becomes necessary.
POSSIBLE TREATMENT:-Diabetes mellitus is currently a chronic disease, without a cure, and medical emphasis must necessarily be on managing/avoiding possible short-term as well as long-term diabetes-related problemsCareful control is needed to reduce the risk of long term complications. This is theoretically achievable with combinations of diet, exercise and weight loss (type 2), various oral diabetic drugs (type 2 only), and insulin use (type 1 and increasingly for type 2 not responding to oral medications). In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications should be undertaken to control blood pressure
There are mainly two types of diabities:-
Diabetes Mellitus:-Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin. The main cause of this beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attackThere is no known preventative measure that can be taken against type 1 diabetes.Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a majority of cases of diabetes affecting children.
Diabetes Mellitus:-Type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity, combined with reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin almost certainly involves the insulin receptor in cell membranes. In the early stage the predominant abnormality is reduced insulin sensitivity, characterized by elevated levels of insulin in the blood. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures and medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production by the liver. As the disease progresses the impairment of insulin secretion worsens, and therapeutic replacement of insulin often becomes necessary.
POSSIBLE TREATMENT:-Diabetes mellitus is currently a chronic disease, without a cure, and medical emphasis must necessarily be on managing/avoiding possible short-term as well as long-term diabetes-related problemsCareful control is needed to reduce the risk of long term complications. This is theoretically achievable with combinations of diet, exercise and weight loss (type 2), various oral diabetic drugs (type 2 only), and insulin use (type 1 and increasingly for type 2 not responding to oral medications). In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications should be undertaken to control blood pressure
BIGGEST DISASTER IN HUMAN HISTORY
The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the most deadly pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis. It probably began in Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people; there were an estimated 25-50 million deaths in Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population. It may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.
DEADLY FOOD
Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any illness resulting from the consumption of food. Foodborne illness is commonly called food poisoning, even though the physiological effects of foodborne illness are not always caused by poisons (toxins). True food poisoning occurs when a person ingests a contaminating chemical or a natural toxin, while most cases of foodborne illness are caused by a variety of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food
HOW WILL YOU COME TO KNOW THAT YOU ARE POISNED?
Symptoms typically begin several hours to several days after consumption and depending on the agent involved, can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, headache or fatigue. In most cases the body is able to permanently recover after a short period of acute discomfort and illness. However, foodborne illness can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially in babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.
Main patheogenic agents in food poisoning are Bacteria, Exotoxins,Mycotoxins & alimentary mycotoxicoses,Emerging foodborne pathogens.
HOW CAN WE STOP THIS?
Prevention is mainly the role of the state, through the definition of strict rules of hygiene and a public services of veterinary surveying of animal products in the food chain, from farming to the transformation industry and delivery (shops and restaurants).
WHAT STATICS ARE SAYING?
It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodbourne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.
Even in industrialized countries, up to 30% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of diseases, including those caused by parasites.
HOW WILL YOU COME TO KNOW THAT YOU ARE POISNED?
Symptoms typically begin several hours to several days after consumption and depending on the agent involved, can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, headache or fatigue. In most cases the body is able to permanently recover after a short period of acute discomfort and illness. However, foodborne illness can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially in babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.
Main patheogenic agents in food poisoning are Bacteria, Exotoxins,Mycotoxins & alimentary mycotoxicoses,Emerging foodborne pathogens.
HOW CAN WE STOP THIS?
Prevention is mainly the role of the state, through the definition of strict rules of hygiene and a public services of veterinary surveying of animal products in the food chain, from farming to the transformation industry and delivery (shops and restaurants).
WHAT STATICS ARE SAYING?
It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodbourne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.
Even in industrialized countries, up to 30% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of diseases, including those caused by parasites.
Tuesday, March 11, 2008
Fat embolism
A fat embolism is a type of embolism that is often (but not always) caused by physical trauma. Fat emboli can occur whenever there is a chance for fat to enter the circulatory system, such as during surgery. One of the more common scenarios is the fatty marrow entering the circulation after a fracture to a large long bone, such as the femur, or after surgery on this bone, which then lodges in the lung, causing inflammation of the lung and pulmonary failure. Blood clots that travel to the lung are usually known simply as 'pulmonary emboli'.
PSEUDO AWAKENING
A false awakening is an event in which someone dreams they have awoken from sleep. This illusion of having awakened is very convincing to the person. After a false awakening, people will usually dream of performing daily morning rituals, believing they have truly awakened
RELATION TO REAL EXPERIENCES
A false awakening has significance to the simulation hypothesis which states that what we perceive as "true" reality is in truth an illusion as evidenced by our minds' inability to distinguish between reality and dreams. Therefore, advocates of the simulation hypothesis argue that the probability of our "true" reality being a simulated reality is affected by the prevalence of false awakenings
RELATION TO REAL EXPERIENCES
A false awakening has significance to the simulation hypothesis which states that what we perceive as "true" reality is in truth an illusion as evidenced by our minds' inability to distinguish between reality and dreams. Therefore, advocates of the simulation hypothesis argue that the probability of our "true" reality being a simulated reality is affected by the prevalence of false awakenings
Monday, March 3, 2008
Japanese encephalitis (previously known as Japanese B encephalitis to distinguish it from von Economo's A encephalitis) is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus
Domestic pigs and wild birds are reservoirs of the virus; transmission to humans may cause severe symptoms. One of the most important vectors of this disease is the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus. This disease is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Far East
Japanese encephalitis is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with 30,000–50,000 cases reported annually. Case-fatality rates range from 0.3% to 60% and depends on the population and on age. Rare outbreaks in U.S. territories in Western Pacific have occurred
Clinical featuresJapanese encephalitis has an incubation period of 5 to 15 days and the vast majority of infections are asymptomatic: only 1 in 250 infections develop into encephalitis.
Severe rigors mark the onset of this disease in humans. Fever, headache and malaise are other non-specific symptoms of this disease which may last for a period of between 1 and 6 days
Infection with JEV confers life-long immunity. All current vaccines are based on the genotype III virus. A formalin-inactivated mouse-brain derived vaccine was first produced in Japan in the 1930s and was validated for use in Taiwan in the 1960s and in Thailand in the 1980s. The widespread use of vaccine and urbanisation has led to control of the disease in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. The high cost of the vaccine, which is grown in live mice, means that poorer countries have not been able to afford to give it as part of a routine immunisation programme.
And the most horrible news is there is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis and treatment is supportive.
DEADLY FLU
1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was a category 5 influenza pandemic that started in the United States, appeared in West Africa and France and then spread to nearly every part of the globe. It was caused by an unusually severe and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. Many of its victims were healthy young adults, in contrast to most influenza outbreaks which predominantly affect juvenile, elderly, or otherwise weakened patients.
HOW DANGEROUS IT IS?
The global mortality rate from the 1918/1919 pandemic is not known, but is estimated at 2.5 to 5% of the human population, with 20% or more of the world population suffering from the disease to some extent. Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million in its first 25 weeks (in contrast, AIDS killed 25 million in its first 25 years).
An estimated 7 million died in India, about 2.78% of India's population at the time. In the Indian Army, almost 22% of troops who caught the disease died of it. In the U.S., about 28% of the population suffered, and 500,000 to 675,000 died. In Britain as many as 250,000 died; in France more than 400,000. In Canada approximately 50,000 died. Entire villages perished in Alaska and southern Africa. In Australia an estimated 12,000 people died and in the Fiji Islands, 14% of the population died during only two weeks, and in Western Samoa 22%
symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred." The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung.
People without symptoms could be stricken suddenly and within hours be too weak to walk; many died the next day. Symptoms included a blue tint to the face and coughing up blood caused by severe obstruction of the lungs. In some cases, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients drowned in their body fluids (pneumonia). In others, the flu caused frequent loss of bowel control and the victim would die from losing critical intestinal lining and blood loss.
In fast-progressing cases, mortality was primarily from pneumonia, by virus-induced consolidation. Slower-progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias, and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in a minority of cases. Some deaths resulted from malnourishment and even animal attacks in overwhelmed communities
HOW DANGEROUS IT IS?
The global mortality rate from the 1918/1919 pandemic is not known, but is estimated at 2.5 to 5% of the human population, with 20% or more of the world population suffering from the disease to some extent. Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million in its first 25 weeks (in contrast, AIDS killed 25 million in its first 25 years).
An estimated 7 million died in India, about 2.78% of India's population at the time. In the Indian Army, almost 22% of troops who caught the disease died of it. In the U.S., about 28% of the population suffered, and 500,000 to 675,000 died. In Britain as many as 250,000 died; in France more than 400,000. In Canada approximately 50,000 died. Entire villages perished in Alaska and southern Africa. In Australia an estimated 12,000 people died and in the Fiji Islands, 14% of the population died during only two weeks, and in Western Samoa 22%
symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred." The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung.
People without symptoms could be stricken suddenly and within hours be too weak to walk; many died the next day. Symptoms included a blue tint to the face and coughing up blood caused by severe obstruction of the lungs. In some cases, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients drowned in their body fluids (pneumonia). In others, the flu caused frequent loss of bowel control and the victim would die from losing critical intestinal lining and blood loss.
In fast-progressing cases, mortality was primarily from pneumonia, by virus-induced consolidation. Slower-progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias, and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in a minority of cases. Some deaths resulted from malnourishment and even animal attacks in overwhelmed communities
A-Z OF CANCER
A
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, ChildhoodAcute Myeloid Leukemia, AdultAcute Myeloid Leukemia, ChildhoodAdrenocortical Carcinoma Adrenocortical Carcinoma, ChildhoodAIDS-Related CancersAIDS-Related LymphomaAnal CancerAppendix CancerAstrocytoma, Childhood CerebellarAstrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral
B
Basal Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Bile Duct Cancer, ExtrahepaticBladder CancerBladder Cancer, ChildhoodBone Cancer, Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous HistiocytomaBrain Stem Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, AdultBrain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Ependymoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Medulloblastoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Childhood (Other)Breast Cancer Breast Cancer and Pregnancy Breast Cancer, ChildhoodBreast Cancer, MaleBronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids, ChildhoodBurkitt Lymphoma
C
Carcinoid Tumor, ChildhoodCarcinoid Tumor,GastrointestinalCarcinoma of Unknown PrimaryCentral Nervous System Lymphoma, PrimaryCerebellar Astrocytoma, ChildhoodCerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, ChildhoodCervical CancerChildhood CancersChronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaChronic Myelogenous LeukemiaChronic Myeloproliferative DisordersColon CancerColorectal Cancer, ChildhoodCutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
D
[No Entries]
E
Endometrial CancerEpendymoma, ChildhoodEsophageal CancerEsophageal Cancer, ChildhoodEwing Family of TumorsExtracranial Germ Cell Tumor, ChildhoodExtragonadal Germ Cell TumorExtrahepatic Bile Duct CancerEye Cancer, Intraocular MelanomaEye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
F
[No Entries]
G
Gallbladder CancerGastric (Stomach) CancerGastric (Stomach) Cancer, ChildhoodGastrointestinal Carcinoid TumorGastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial, ChildhoodGerm Cell Tumor, ExtragonadalGerm Cell Tumor, OvarianGestational Trophoblastic TumorGlioma, AdultGlioma, Childhood Brain StemGlioma, Childhood Cerebral AstrocytomaGlioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic
H
Hairy Cell LeukemiaHead and Neck CancerHepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult (Primary)Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Childhood (Primary)Hodgkin Lymphoma, AdultHodgkin Lymphoma, ChildhoodHypopharyngeal CancerHypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma, Childhood
I
Intraocular MelanomaIslet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas)
J
[No Entries]
K
Kaposi SarcomaKidney (Renal Cell) CancerKidney Cancer, Childhood
L
Laryngeal CancerLaryngeal Cancer, ChildhoodLeukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, AdultLeukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, ChildhoodLeukemia, Acute Myeloid, AdultLeukemia, Acute Myeloid, ChildhoodLeukemia, Chronic LymphocyticLeukemia, Chronic MyelogenousLeukemia, Hairy CellLip and Oral Cavity CancerLiver Cancer, Adult (Primary)Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary Lung Cancer, Non-Small CellLung Cancer, Small CellLymphoma, AIDS-RelatedLymphoma, BurkittLymphoma, Cutaneous T-Cell, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeLymphoma, Hodgkin, AdultLymphoma, Hodgkin, ChildhoodLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, AdultLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, ChildhoodLymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System
M
Macroglobulinemia, WaldenströmMalignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone and OsteosarcomaMedulloblastoma, ChildhoodMelanomaMelanoma, Intraocular (Eye)Merkel Cell CarcinomaMesothelioma, Adult MalignantMesothelioma, ChildhoodMetastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult PrimaryMouth CancerMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, ChildhoodMultiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell NeoplasmMycosis FungoidesMyelodysplastic SyndromesMyelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative DiseasesMyelogenous Leukemia, ChronicMyeloid Leukemia, Adult AcuteMyeloid Leukemia, Childhood AcuteMyeloma, MultipleMyeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic
N
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus CancerNasopharyngeal CancerNasopharyngeal Cancer, ChildhoodNeuroblastomaNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma, AdultNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma, ChildhoodNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer
O
Oral Cancer, ChildhoodOral Cavity Cancer, Lip andOropharyngeal CancerOsteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of BoneOvarian Cancer, ChildhoodOvarian Epithelial CancerOvarian Germ Cell TumorOvarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor
P
Pancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer, ChildhoodPancreatic Cancer, Islet CellParanasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity CancerParathyroid CancerPenile CancerPharyngeal CancerPheochromocytomaPineoblastoma and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, ChildhoodPituitary TumorPlasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple MyelomaPleuropulmonary BlastomaPregnancy and Breast CancerPrimary Central Nervous System LymphomaProstate Cancer
Q
[No Entries]
R
Rectal CancerRenal Cell (Kidney) CancerRenal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, ChildhoodRenal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Cell CancerRetinoblastomaRhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood
S
Salivary Gland CancerSalivary Gland Cancer, ChildhoodSarcoma, Ewing Family of TumorsSarcoma, KaposiSarcoma, Soft Tissue, AdultSarcoma, Soft Tissue, ChildhoodSarcoma, UterineSézary SyndromeSkin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Skin Cancer, ChildhoodSkin Cancer (Melanoma)Skin Carcinoma, Merkel CellSmall Cell Lung CancerSmall Intestine CancerSoft Tissue Sarcoma, AdultSoft Tissue Sarcoma, ChildhoodSquamous Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, MetastaticStomach (Gastric) CancerStomach (Gastric) Cancer, ChildhoodSupratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood
T
T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeTesticular CancerThroat CancerThymoma, ChildhoodThymoma and Thymic CarcinomaThyroid CancerThyroid Cancer, ChildhoodTransitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and UreterTrophoblastic Tumor, Gestational
U
Unknown Primary Site, Carcinoma of, AdultUnknown Primary Site, Cancer of, ChildhoodUnusual Cancers of ChildhoodUreter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell CancerUrethral CancerUterine Cancer, EndometrialUterine Sarcoma
V
Vaginal CancerVisual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, ChildhoodVulvar Cancer
W
Waldenström MacroglobulinemiaWilms TumorWomen's Cancers
X
[No Entries]
Y
[No Entries]
Z
[No Entries]
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, ChildhoodAcute Myeloid Leukemia, AdultAcute Myeloid Leukemia, ChildhoodAdrenocortical Carcinoma Adrenocortical Carcinoma, ChildhoodAIDS-Related CancersAIDS-Related LymphomaAnal CancerAppendix CancerAstrocytoma, Childhood CerebellarAstrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral
B
Basal Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Bile Duct Cancer, ExtrahepaticBladder CancerBladder Cancer, ChildhoodBone Cancer, Osteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous HistiocytomaBrain Stem Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, AdultBrain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Ependymoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Medulloblastoma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, ChildhoodBrain Tumor, Childhood (Other)Breast Cancer Breast Cancer and Pregnancy Breast Cancer, ChildhoodBreast Cancer, MaleBronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids, ChildhoodBurkitt Lymphoma
C
Carcinoid Tumor, ChildhoodCarcinoid Tumor,GastrointestinalCarcinoma of Unknown PrimaryCentral Nervous System Lymphoma, PrimaryCerebellar Astrocytoma, ChildhoodCerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, ChildhoodCervical CancerChildhood CancersChronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaChronic Myelogenous LeukemiaChronic Myeloproliferative DisordersColon CancerColorectal Cancer, ChildhoodCutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
D
[No Entries]
E
Endometrial CancerEpendymoma, ChildhoodEsophageal CancerEsophageal Cancer, ChildhoodEwing Family of TumorsExtracranial Germ Cell Tumor, ChildhoodExtragonadal Germ Cell TumorExtrahepatic Bile Duct CancerEye Cancer, Intraocular MelanomaEye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
F
[No Entries]
G
Gallbladder CancerGastric (Stomach) CancerGastric (Stomach) Cancer, ChildhoodGastrointestinal Carcinoid TumorGastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial, ChildhoodGerm Cell Tumor, ExtragonadalGerm Cell Tumor, OvarianGestational Trophoblastic TumorGlioma, AdultGlioma, Childhood Brain StemGlioma, Childhood Cerebral AstrocytomaGlioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic
H
Hairy Cell LeukemiaHead and Neck CancerHepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult (Primary)Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Childhood (Primary)Hodgkin Lymphoma, AdultHodgkin Lymphoma, ChildhoodHypopharyngeal CancerHypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma, Childhood
I
Intraocular MelanomaIslet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas)
J
[No Entries]
K
Kaposi SarcomaKidney (Renal Cell) CancerKidney Cancer, Childhood
L
Laryngeal CancerLaryngeal Cancer, ChildhoodLeukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, AdultLeukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, ChildhoodLeukemia, Acute Myeloid, AdultLeukemia, Acute Myeloid, ChildhoodLeukemia, Chronic LymphocyticLeukemia, Chronic MyelogenousLeukemia, Hairy CellLip and Oral Cavity CancerLiver Cancer, Adult (Primary)Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary Lung Cancer, Non-Small CellLung Cancer, Small CellLymphoma, AIDS-RelatedLymphoma, BurkittLymphoma, Cutaneous T-Cell, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeLymphoma, Hodgkin, AdultLymphoma, Hodgkin, ChildhoodLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, AdultLymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, ChildhoodLymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System
M
Macroglobulinemia, WaldenströmMalignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone and OsteosarcomaMedulloblastoma, ChildhoodMelanomaMelanoma, Intraocular (Eye)Merkel Cell CarcinomaMesothelioma, Adult MalignantMesothelioma, ChildhoodMetastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult PrimaryMouth CancerMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, ChildhoodMultiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell NeoplasmMycosis FungoidesMyelodysplastic SyndromesMyelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative DiseasesMyelogenous Leukemia, ChronicMyeloid Leukemia, Adult AcuteMyeloid Leukemia, Childhood AcuteMyeloma, MultipleMyeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic
N
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus CancerNasopharyngeal CancerNasopharyngeal Cancer, ChildhoodNeuroblastomaNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma, AdultNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma, ChildhoodNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer
O
Oral Cancer, ChildhoodOral Cavity Cancer, Lip andOropharyngeal CancerOsteosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of BoneOvarian Cancer, ChildhoodOvarian Epithelial CancerOvarian Germ Cell TumorOvarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor
P
Pancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer, ChildhoodPancreatic Cancer, Islet CellParanasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity CancerParathyroid CancerPenile CancerPharyngeal CancerPheochromocytomaPineoblastoma and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, ChildhoodPituitary TumorPlasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple MyelomaPleuropulmonary BlastomaPregnancy and Breast CancerPrimary Central Nervous System LymphomaProstate Cancer
Q
[No Entries]
R
Rectal CancerRenal Cell (Kidney) CancerRenal Cell (Kidney) Cancer, ChildhoodRenal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Cell CancerRetinoblastomaRhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood
S
Salivary Gland CancerSalivary Gland Cancer, ChildhoodSarcoma, Ewing Family of TumorsSarcoma, KaposiSarcoma, Soft Tissue, AdultSarcoma, Soft Tissue, ChildhoodSarcoma, UterineSézary SyndromeSkin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Skin Cancer, ChildhoodSkin Cancer (Melanoma)Skin Carcinoma, Merkel CellSmall Cell Lung CancerSmall Intestine CancerSoft Tissue Sarcoma, AdultSoft Tissue Sarcoma, ChildhoodSquamous Cell Carcinoma, see Skin Cancer (Nonmelanoma)Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, MetastaticStomach (Gastric) CancerStomach (Gastric) Cancer, ChildhoodSupratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood
T
T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous, see Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary SyndromeTesticular CancerThroat CancerThymoma, ChildhoodThymoma and Thymic CarcinomaThyroid CancerThyroid Cancer, ChildhoodTransitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and UreterTrophoblastic Tumor, Gestational
U
Unknown Primary Site, Carcinoma of, AdultUnknown Primary Site, Cancer of, ChildhoodUnusual Cancers of ChildhoodUreter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell CancerUrethral CancerUterine Cancer, EndometrialUterine Sarcoma
V
Vaginal CancerVisual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, ChildhoodVulvar Cancer
W
Waldenström MacroglobulinemiaWilms TumorWomen's Cancers
X
[No Entries]
Y
[No Entries]
Z
[No Entries]
CANCER
Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited in their growth and don't invade or metastasize (although some benign tumor types are capable of becoming malignant). Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007. Apart from humans, forms of cancer may affect other animals and plants.
Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.
Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are often activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments. Tumor suppressor genes are often inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.
Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.
Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.
Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are often activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments. Tumor suppressor genes are often inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.
Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.
TOP 10 diseases of developing world
1.Lower respiratory infections
2.AIDS
3.Malaria
4.Diarrhea
5.Tuberculosis
6.Measles
7.Whooping cough
8.Tetanus
9.Meningitis
10.Syphilis
2.AIDS
3.Malaria
4.Diarrhea
5.Tuberculosis
6.Measles
7.Whooping cough
8.Tetanus
9.Meningitis
10.Syphilis
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